History Essay On Limitation Of Renaissance Med Example For Students

History Essay On Limitation Of Renaissance Med Why did the discoveries of the renaissance period have so little impact on medical treatment at that time ? The discoveries of the Renaissance did not make a significant contribution to the improvement of medical treatment for many reasons. The first of these reasons is that the discoveries made during these times were about anatomy not treatment. Vesuvius dissected bodies in order to prove that many of the works that Galen the ancient Greek who had formed the basis for modern medical teachings had produced, were in fact wrong. Also Harvey who proved that the heart acts as a pump, pumping blood around the body left some of his work unproven for instance the discovery of the capillaries. Both these scientists were also strongly opposed by the church because they could prove Galen wrong and the church believed that Galen was the true say on medicine. The main reason the discoveries of the Renaissance did not make a significant contribution to the improvement of medical treatment was the opposed from the church. Wrought almost a thousand years in the medieval period people where only taught the works of Galen for they lived Galen based this works on the belief of a higher power, I. E. God. So for many years he was the only source of medical knowledge. No one dared oppose the church for the power they held over society until the church lost power medical remained the same. So Harvey and Vesuvius were so strongly opposed because they could both proved Galen wrong, such as Vesuvius proved that Galen was wrong bec ause he proved that we have one Jaw were as Galen believed we had two because his dissection was on apes who have two. He also proved that the kidneys are the same eight. He was also able to prove the church wrong when they claimed that men had less ribs than woman because in Genesis God removed one of Adams ribs to create Eve. Vesuvius proved his theorys through public dissection but this also limited his work because people frowned upon the dissection of the dead body. However this works were proved but still shunned due to the churches power. Harvey was able to prove Galen wrong for Galen believed that the blood was made by the liver were as Harvey proved that the heart pumped the same blood around the body. He faced the name difficulties even when this theorys were proven therefore limiting there effect on society. Another reason is Harvey could not prove all of this theory such as that there are tiny blood vessels called capillaries which moved blood between the arteries and the veins. Harvey was unable to prove this theory giving people reason to believe that his other theory were wrong. Meaning it was nearly 50 years before teachers at the university of Paris taught Harveys ideas instead of Galena. Being unable to prove this theorys lead to less patients coming to see him for some thought he was mad.

Temple Stuart was eating his lunch Essay Example For Students

Temple Stuart was eating his lunch Essay Temple Stuart was eating his lunch. Ham sand wedges. Hed had a pretty boring day. Someone apparently got mowed down by a HGV, but no one really cared and they were more worried about the diverted traffic and more jams. Stuart decided to walk to the gym, seeing as the Traffic was not moving. He walked to the elevator and pressed the G button. The lift jolted into action and the lights flickered as it descended. He reached the ground floor. The doors opened with a ping and he stepped out and crossed the lobby to the main doors. As he did so the security guards glared at him, making him feel uneasy. They generally disliked him; even the first day he joined they didnt trust him because of his past and mental instability. He thought back to his past; six years back he was attacked by a man with a knife and had killed the man in self defence. He was given 5 years for it, and all he had done was defend himself, which reminded him. He had to talk to his councillor next week Hed missed the meeting twice now, and really couldnt be bothered but hed received an email informing him that he would be charged if he didnt attend this time. He reached the gym Hi, Stuart, said his personal trainer. He was about 6 ft tall, very built up, and was wearing shorts and a vest. He had a towel draped over him, You werent here yesterday. Yeah too much work. I had to skip it, replied Stuart. You hear about that crash? You mean the bloke being run over? Yeah, the HGV swerved to avoid a van and crushed someone walking near it. Everything around the areas sectioned off. Apparently its pretty gory About two hours later, when Stuart had returned to the office and finished his shift, he decided it was time to leave for home. He shut down his pc, and grabbed his rucksack, heading for the elevator again. It had been a long and boring day, Stuart felt bored and fatigued. He was in the underground parking lot, but decided that he might as well walk to the underground station and catch the tube instead of going by car, which would take ages. Another little annoyance to delay him further. Thought Stuart, this was not his day. He had a long walk to the nearest station and was walking down a road quite close to the accident. It was completely abandoned and had an eerie feeling as the buildings on the side cast darkness over the entire street and blocked the sun out. He was startled as he heard a loud burst of static, and looked for the source. He saw a dropped walkie-talkie. Thinking for a minute curiously, he picked it up and listened. Well, you could be more secure. Anyone could get in there said one voice. There was a second burst of static, and it sounded like some one was speaking but their voice was too distorted. What was that? I didnt copy. Repeat Change to another frequency. Delta 4 now The voices stopped and there was a loud burst of static. Stuart twiddled with the frequency knob on the top and tried to find a signal. He couldnt find much. He walked down the street, his boredom temporarily pushed away as he played with the walkie-talkie. The static was broken by a voice Ok, so thats 79 Edward Street, right? Yes, thats right Stuarts mind raced, where is Edward Street? Ok, double pepperoni with sausage isnt it? Yes, thats right replied another voice Stuart tried again, looking for the other conversation, while walking down the street somewhat fascinated by this radio. Finally he got something. HES MOVING DOWN 45TH BANKERS AVENUE, TAKE HIM OUT QUICK Stuart was startled, realising that it was the street he was in. Not paying attention to where he was walking, he buckled and tripped over the curb I see him Shoot to kill. This is unacceptable hes too dangerous Stuart picked himself up. A gunshot sounded and the wall in front of him chipped and dust blasted out of it. He glanced behind seeing two men with guns. Leaping to his feet, Stuart ran round the corner and heard two more shots which hit the wall again, and caused a brick to shatter. He ran around a corner and past two more buildings, looking for somewhere to hide, terrified by the unprovoked attack. He spotted a restaurant. The door was open but had police tape across the gap, Stuart ran for it, and ripped through tape. His leg caught on a piece of the adhesive tape causing him to fall. His head slammed in to the floor. Grasping for something to lift him up he grabbed a table and pulled himself up. His face was bleeding, dripping from his chin to the floor. Adrenaline shot through Stuarts veins as he rolled over in shock and pain. Another bullet passed through a window, shattering it and hit the table, blasting a hole through it. Stuart jumped into action and ran to the kitchen area. Looking for a weapon he saw a large butchers knife, and grabbed it. The knife glinted in the sunlight that shone through one of the windows, illuminating the dust particles and giving the room an abandoned look, although the fat fryer was still Bubbling and a fridge was open and food spilled on the floor. The fridge had not defrosted yet. This room must have been cleared out quickly. Come out with your hands up and we will not hurt you yelled a police man as four gunshots sounded and impacted on the wall. Stuart hesitated at the thought of surrendering. Another bullet passed through the wall near his head, he jumped back in shock and confusion. The first police officer ran through the doorway. Stuart swung the knife madly at him with the long edge of the blade facing his chest. The knife stuck in about 3 inches and the police man was knocked to the floor, he gargled as blood flowed out of his mouth and spilled out of the wound caused by the knife now embedded in his chest, Stuart stepped back in horror as the blood flowed over the floor the adrenaline pulsing through his veins again, as he stumbled back in shock. Suddenly coming back out of the daze he went for the knife, but a gunshot hit the floor near him and he jumped back, running in to the kitchen for cover. He grabbed another knife and ducked behind some cupboards. Two more police men ran in and took cover behind a large metal fat fryer. Stuart glanced over the cupboard; there was a knife rack above them. He prepared to throw his knife at the rack hoping to knock them down, but was forced to duck back down as more shots were aimed at him. There was a brief stop. Stuart looked over and threw the knife as hard as he could. SMACK! It hit the knife board and stuck in solid, not falling on the police men as hed originally planned. So did all the other knives on it. Stuart ducked down again and swore to himself. He had no more options. Then a grenade landed next to him, he dived back behind the next row of cupboards and took cover as it exploded and shrapnel reverberated around the room. Another landed next to him. This time he scooped it up and threw it at the two police men. It landed in the deep fat fryer and exploded, showering them in boiling fat. They screamed as it seared their skin, and metal shrapnel was stuck in their bodies. He heard them screaming and looked up. The knife rack fell on them, and one let out a loud scream which was followed by a quiet gurgling noise and a hissing as the blood was fried by the boiling fat. Stuart walked up to the two men whom he had just killed. They where blistered all over and cut in multiple places. Stuart was in shock. He was certainly in trouble now. He had killed three police officers, no matter where he ran, would be certainly killed. Stuart looked up as he heard the thumping of helicopters blades, getting closer and closer. The foreboding sound of death approaching, Stuart knew that there was no escape, but did not want to believe it. He grabbed one of the now dead police officers guns, but dropped it immediately because it was so hot from the boiling fat it had been soaking in. The helicopter was now on the ground. Stuart could see it through the window six men got out. They were not police, one held up what looked like a grenade launcher and fired it through the window Stuart dived behind more cupboards, but instead of an explosion he heard a hissing of gas. Stuart realised it was some sort of knock out gas and looked around the room trying to find an escape. He made a dash for the door he came in. Another gas grenade impacted near the door. Stuart skidded to a halt and backed off as he choked on the gas. Stumbling about he grabbed a towel and put it over his mouth breathing through it, trying desperately to hang on, but now feeling dizzy. Stuart dropped to the floor and could not hold the towel any longer. Letting it drop away, he tried to move but could not muster the strength. His vision began to blur and darken around the edges. Eventually Stuart fell in to unconsciousness. He awoke on a medical examination bed, felt a tingling in his arm and saw a nurse walking away with a syringe. Are you ok? questioned a tall man in a dark blue suit. Where am I? What huh? said Stuart his speech slurred and his vision out of focus, recalling what had happened, fuzzy and blurred in his minds eye. Youre back at the institute now. Are you ok? said the man again Stuart sat up, putting his arms out for stability and still feeling groggy What the hell am I doing here? Where is here? Am I in prison or something? He sat up and managed to focus. He was on a white medical table of some sort. There was a computer near him with some devices which were attached to his chest and his head, and the man standing over him, with two guards at the door. The man was about his height, had brown skin and was wearing a dark blue suit with a moave tie. His hair was cut short, and he had brown eyes. Youre agent Fright. Your last assignment was 5 years ago, recovering the weapons remember? Fright? said Stuart, getting of the table and looking around anxiously, thats not my name. I want to get out of here Stuart took his hand off the table and made a step for the door. He was still feeling bad, and stumbled, reaching back to the table for support. Do you remember your prison sentence? Oh shit Im going back now, and Im not getting out Stuart stumbled again I killed three cops! Dont worry M. R. Fright, youre not going back, do you remember what happened before your sentence? I killed some one in a fight when I was attacked, and I was sent to jail And before that? Stuart hesitated Well I he looked towards the door, and then back to the man I worked on a construction sight. Im sure of it You where hypnotised and had another memory implanted in to your brain and deemed mentally unstable so if anything went wrong with their fail safes you would just be ignored like a madman Shocked and not believing a word of it Stuart angered. His mind was still not clear but he would not believe their lies. What a load of crap let me go, NOW! You served our agency and your name was Terry Fright, said the man, raising his tone. I dont know what youre on about, but I dont believe you! You have no proof You have two choices. You can go free and will be hunted down by the police and locked away for ever, or you can open your eyes to the truth. Stuart paused, and thought for a moment What is the point? Why am I so important? Why are you messing with my head? Let me go! Stuart started for the door, but the guards stepped in front of it, blocking any way out. The man replied in a calm and quiet tone you can go free if you wish, but remember you have just killed three police officers, and I dont believe you will survive very long. However we will not harm you or imprison you. So whats your answer? Why do you want me? I canquot;t remember anything! This is pointless You accept? Well, looks like you leave me no choice now do you? replied Stuart finally submitting. We will begin de programming once the drugs are out of your system. For now, let me show you around Two Hours later Stuart was in his quarters, re-arranging furniture, and trying to comprehend all the things that were happening to him. Still in disbelief although now his mind was clear. These people did not seem to mind that he had just killed three men; this would be his only option. An alarm sounded, and Stuart got up. No peace at all, just one thing after another it was beginning to annoy Stuart, he felt like his life had been turned inside out. He was being dragged along unwillingly not in control of his life now, but just holding on to sanity. The man Stuart had seen in the medical room entered. He said his name was Michael Demland. He told Stuart to come to an emergency conference and time was urgent. A man in a white suit was sitting at the end of a large table; about twenty people were seated around it. OK people. Stuart, sit down. Right, this is a code red. The government are onto us. Must have been our rescue attempt of agent Fright, but now we must move. Rick, John, you will accompany Stuart. Lets move The meeting broke up, and the two agents, Rick and John led Stuart out, and told him to follow. Stuart heard a helicopter landing on the roof. Is that for us? No those are the governments. Helicopters are too easily traced. We are not going to be using them, replied John What? We are against the government, said Stuart, shocked, as they moved in to an elevator and Rick hit the G4 key. Well, sort of, they dont really know whats going on ButÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ said Stuart, feeling very worried and confused, as the doors opened Not now, we need to move. Later. They hurried through an underground tunnel and came to a wall. John pulled out a mobile phone pressed a few buttons, the wall slid open. They ran through and the wall closed behind them. They were in an underground train station, no one else was there. A train came into the station and they boarded a deserted car. Stuart sat down, expecting to get some well needed rest. If these people were telling the truth he was being hunted by the government and would probably come off worse than a life sentence now. The lights flickered and the trains engines sounded as it began to accelerate. They sat down, and introduced themselves to Stuart. One was called Rick Shepard and the other john Dawson. Stuart asked where they were going, Rick was about to say something, but was cut off by a large explosion. The tunnel light up and the train began to screech as it scraped against the sides of the tunnel wall, sparks flying from the sides of the train and windows shattering. The metal bent out of shape from the explosion and the lights died. John pulled out three guns handing them to Rick and Stuart. Ive never used a gun before, said Stuart. The car behind them burst in to light and windows shattered. Point at enemy, press trigger. Simple enough? After a pause of about ten seconds, three men came in from the car behind them through the door, guns blazing, and glass shattering from the windows in the car. Stuart, john and Rick dived for cover, Rick rolled out and shot one. As he was hit electricity pulsed through him and jumped to the other men next to him. What the hell was that? shouted Stuart above the screeching, astounded and shocked. Two more came through form the other door and Rick picked them off. Electric charged bullets. When they impact they discharge a high powered electric charge Another explosion shook the train and the car behind them was blown off. They were knocked to the ground and heard metal scraping against metal and more glass shattering. A piece of metal flew past Stuarts head just missing him and smashed another window. Sparks where being thrown up from the severed section behind them and there was a gaping hole at the end of their car with twisted metal scraping the ground, the metal was screaming against the wall, and the train was shaking, a long fluorescent strip light fell off the ceiling just inches from Stuart. About Two meters in from the break in the car, the floor split open, and more glass shattered, showering Stuart in broken glass, he ducked and shielded his face from the glass. A hydraulic pump under the train ruptured, spraying out boiling liquid. Aaagh, my arm! screamed John, as the boiling liquid sprayed his arm, Weve got to get out of here now Stuart, get that bag and open It, called Rick. Stuart dragged himself to the bag. A light over his head exploded and sparks were thrown on a seat near him. He opened the bag. Inside were two laptops, some strange sort of gun, and a gun with a grappling hook in the barrel. Get the grappling gun, shouted Rick Stuart grabbed it, and threw it to him. Rick tied the gun to a metal chair with some excess rope, and aimed it at the tunnel ceiling which was speeding by in a blur. Brace yourselves Yelled Rick. He fired the gun; the rope went through the ceiling and caught. All Three of them where thrown to a wall, and the car was ripped from the rest of the train, all the remaining windows shattered, seats were ripped from their bearings, and the section of tunnel ceiling was wrenched out of the tunnel and smashed through the roof of the train and through the floor. Stuart rolled over to avoid being crushed by a part of the car caving in. he noise was deafening. The entire car was dislodged so it was wedged diagonally in the tunnel, eventually grinding to a halt. They heard shouts, and gunfire. Johns shin imploded and blood sprayed all over the floor of the car, he fell down screaming, and was shot in the back of the head finishing him off. Stuart and Rick dived for cover behind the twisted and bent metal, and grabbed their guns off of the floor. Hes dead, shit, hes dead shouted Rick in astonishment and anger. Were dead now, theyve found us. We needed the info in your brain. You mustÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ Another explosion rocked the car, and knocked it over. Stuart caught hold of a metal bar, and the train tilted, and Rick slid to the other end, dropping his gun. He slid over a piece of jagged metal and sliced his leg open, screaming in agony. Stuart was dazed, and looked down at Rick. He was badly hurt. He looked back up and saw a hole in the roof of the tunnel, and rays of light shone through right in his eyes, dazzling him. He almost let go of the bar. He could hear quiet burning and the gushing of a broken water main. Rick peered back up, and saw Stuart hanging on. Ghibertis Baptistry Doors (3Rd Set) EssayWhen they could not get the information out of you they gave you an alternative life, in case they needed to extract the information, when their methods had improved But I have no idea how the missile can be safely detonated, protested Stuart. You will soon. Just relax and it will come to you So, what happens now? asked Stuart We will mobilize for an assault on their base in the Amazon around the meteor where they are constructing their rocket. You should get some rest, you will be needed soon. Finally everything made sense to Stuart, and his long day was over. He now understood what as happening, the puzzle fell in to place yet he did not feel like it would make anything easier. He had an idea of what was ahead of him now but it would not help. The helicopter sped through the sky, banking gently to the right, accompanied by several other helicopters. Stuart and five other special agents swayed to the side as the helicopter banked again, this time more sharply, and eventually began its descent. As they towered above the treetops Stuart looked out of the window. The forest looking like a carpet of varying greens, almost like a garden lawn. Inside Stuarts helicopter were five other agents. Rick, Matthew, and Three men whom Stuart did not know. They were suited up with armour, cooling systems camouflage, and advanced weapons. They began to reach the trees, and landed in a clearing along with three other helicopters carrying soldiers armed to the teeth with state of the art advanced weaponry; the most advanced body armours and built in computer communication and targeting helmets. There were also a few more agents. Once everyone was on the ground the helicopters began their ascent. Dust was blown everywhere, and leaves on trees fluttered and shook under the gust form the helicopters, now leaving them. The commando team, consisting of the soldiers, spread out and secured the area. Two snipers set up position. Activating their guns and producing the whining noise as they powered up, they took aim to cover the task force who were now making their way along the mission rout stealthily. The group of five agents with Stuart reached the top of a ridge and peered over. They were on the edge of the impact crater, and could see the temple, which was integrated with the base. There was a steep drop below them, and in about ten minutes they had attached mountain climbing equipment and were absailing down the cliff face on the side of the giant crater. They then reached a waypoint, and prepared. Four commandos took up sniper positions. One of the snipers gazed through his rifle, which was the same as the guns, which produced the heat wave but was more accurate. He glanced to his right at another sniper and made a brief hand signal. He then looked at his computerised targeting system. He could see trees foliage and vines hanging down, he tapped a button on the side of the gun and it switched to infa-red mode. He could see three human shaped heat signatures now, he twiddled a knob, and they came in to exact focus. Two men were talking to each other, one facing him another with his back to him, the other was walking past the other two. As soon as the three aligned he pulled the trigger, and the shot passed through all three. The rest of his sniper team took out surveillance cameras, monitoring equipment, and drone guns. Ok, people, were clear. Lets move out, quickly, before they send more guards he said in to his radio, and almost instantly everyone began to move towards the temple. Once closer to the temple, just in the trees about a meter from the open all of the assault team were concealed, the sniper took place and turned on his infa red scope. He could not see through the wall. He switched to x ray mode, and could see three guards inside the complex. He relayed this information to the commando squad, and they moved to the door, taking cover either side of it. The three guards came through the door, and were instantly killed. The gunshots made no noise at all because they were using a hi-tech design which produced virtually no noise. They then all set out to their mission points. Stuart was assigned with Rick and another man, Paul Geddes. They had 4 Commandos escorting them. They made their route through the complex avoiding patrols and wasting no time to get to the main missile silo. They came in to a large room. The commandos went first, and killed 4 guards. Their bodies dropped to the floor, and the commandos set about securing the area. Stuart looked up and saw the missile towering above him. They boarded an open elevator. Rick hit a button and the elevator jolted in to action and began rising. Suddenly an alarm sounded and guards rushed in to the room under them which they were now rising from. They all dropped to the floor of the elevator and the four marines crawled to the edge and began firing at the guards. Two of them were immediately killed, for a split second a mist of blood was sprayed out of their heads as bullets passed through their skulls, the other two marines rolled back. Their stealthily entrance and infiltration had only bought them a fraction of time, they had been found out. Suddenly the elevator jolted to a stop and then began descending. Shit! Shouted one of the marines get the grenades! The other marine pulled out tow gas canister grenades and passed them to him. He threw both, one to the right and one to the left side. A loud explosion shook the elevator shaft, and the 2 marines peered over the edge. Four guards were still ready, and the both dived back, unfortunately one was not fast enough, and his body fell limp. Rick reached over to the side panel on the elevator trying to stay low and pressed the up button, nothing happened. The controls were over ridden from the bottom. They were at an angle now of which they were vulnerable, the last commando jumped out with his guns blazing. Killing two and startling the two left who ducked for cover behind a gas canister. The commando landed, rolled and hit a wall, he looked behind him but was immediately knocked back in to the wall again as he was shot several times, and collapsed on the floor. Geddes rolled on his side to the edge of the elevator and shot at the men hiding behind the gas canisters, missing the men but rupturing the canisters. The canisters exploded under pressure, and although they caused no flame the shrapnel from the large man sized canisters shredded the guards. They were now on the ground again, Rick ran to a terminal pressed a few buttons and the elevator began rising. He quickly jumped on and pulled himself up chocking on the gas which had been released. They crawled to the edge of the elevator taking vantage points to shoot anyone who came in to the room beneath them. 5 more guards rushed in. This time they were ready to defend their position. Stuart picked off three, the other 2 dived for cover but could not stand up and were choking on the gas and soon passed out. The elevator reached the top, and they stepped on to a control area, which was a platform level with the missile missile. They looked around for a control panel or something; Stuart glanced back at the elevator seeing it was gone. He looked down and saw more guards with gas masks. Rick, Geddes, disable the elevator. Hurry! said Stuart. Stuart looked around and found the missile control panel, and walked over to it, he knew what to do now, feeling a sense of control over his life, not having felt that for some time now. Rick and Geddes began smashing up the elevator control panel, it didnt help. The elevator reached ground and the guards boarded it, now rising up. You taken care of it yet? said Stuart as he glanced back. Almost, almost said Rick as he looked down at the shaft and began firing at the motor that was lifting up the elevator. It erupted in sparks and the elevator now half way up the shaft ground to a halt, shook for a few seconds and then plummeted to the ground. The guards on it were knocked over by the sudden jolt. They then began to rise above the elevator platform as it sped to the grou nd. This was short lived and after three seconds of this near weightlessness they perished as their bodies smashed in to the hard metallic floor. Stuart heard metal smashing against metal and felt the platform he was on shudder. Stuart typed at the console quickly trying to disable the missiles systems. The feeling of control falling away, the systems had changed he did not know if he would be able to do it. On the other side of the compound it was like a bombsite, smashed metal walkways and scaffolding lay strewn across the floor and all sorts of equipment was in flames. The commandos were taking cover behind fallen rocks, and shooting at the security forces. Behind the rocks the commandos were slowly diminishing in numbers as bullets rained down, smashing the rock apart and tearing through anyone caught out. They deployed a mortar, and the security forces were knocked back for a few seconds as the explosions from the shells dropping around them knocked them over and blew their cover to pieces. The commandos took this chance to charge with their guns blazing, and successfully pushed the security forces back another level to their base. Back in the missile control room the lights suddenly cut to a dim red glow. Alarms sounded, with flashing red lights activating. On Stuarts control panel the words warning emergency launch protocol engaged. 10:00 minutes to launch appeared, and the timer began counting backwards. Just then the elevator on the opposite side of the shaft began descending. Shit shouted Rick, he looked down, and quickly rolled back as he was met with multiple gunshots, impacting around him. Geddes, get over here. Lay down suppressive fire we need to hold them off shouted Rick as he took up a cover position. Stuart swore, and pressed another button. A ladder extended to the main computer system housing of the rocket. He began precariously climbing across it, trying not to look down in to the gaping silo beneath him. What are you doing? Shouted Rick addressing Stuart Just keep the guards off Shouted back Stuart as he was almost knocked off from gunfire ricocheting off of the ladder. WHAT? shouted Rick above the gunfire? Stuart was hit in the leg and screamed in agony just shoot the guards! He reached out opening a panel, and dragged himself in to the housing of the rocket itself. Stuart started trying to over ride the computer. He glanced at a control panel which displayed 4:45, and was counting down. Stuart swore in desperation and panic, the computer would not allow him access. He pulled out his gun, and opened a hatch in to the missile. He had to destroy the separation system. The elevator reached the top, this one was much slower that the other designed for carrying heavy loads. Geddes threw a grenade at the elevator, but the guards ran off, and only one was knocked over by the blast. Rick dived between some cabling, and fired at the guards killing two and dispersing the rest. Geddes managed to crawl behind them, and began firing at them, knocking two over the side and causing many to dive for cover. Rick and Geddes ran back along the walkway in to an inlet near the missile control section, the guards began firing at them, knocking over computer terminals and destroying the missile controls. There was a closed door behind them. Rick stayed at the corner and fired that the guards while Geddes tried to get the door open because when the Rocket took off unless they got cover they would be incinerated. Stuart had just about finished, a warning sounded One minute and thirty seconds remaining. He climbed up out of the separation system which he had put out of action, and dragged himself up to the computer housing facing out to the ladder, he reached for the ladder, but it was blown out of his hands by gunfire, and he almost fell out. Geddes ran back from the door, and fired at the guards, finishing them off, Rich noticed that the elevator was not there, and more were on their way up. One minute remaining Stuart looked out of the missile housing contemplating jumping; it would be suicide he wouldnt make it. Geddes rushed back to the door shot the control panel and began forcing it open. Fifty seconds Rick shouted to Stuart wait a minute, Ill get something. Hold on Rick rushed around trying to find something to use as a bridge between the Rocket and the platform. Rick grabbed some cabling, and ran back to the edge of the platform facing the opened section of the rocket. He threw the cabling across; Stuart leant forward, and caught it, but was off balance and fell off of the rocket. Rick jumped back, and took strain, the rope tightened, and he was slipping being pulled toward the edge. Thirty seconds Rick, rolled to the right, and managed to push feet against a smouldering remnant of a computer terminal. It was built in to the platform and sturdy enough to hold his weight, he managed to stop himself from slipping. Stuart was hanging on to the cabling as hard as he could, swinging wildly from left to right, he tried to pull himself up but kept on slipping. Twenty seconds Stuart pushed his feet against the side of the wall and managed to walk up the side of the shaft, and drag himself over. Rick relaxed as Stuart got over and no longer had his body weight pulling on the rope. Stuart ran to the open door and Rick quickly got up and ran for it too. Ten seconds All three were in the room but could not close the door because the controls were broken. They tried to pull the door closed, but it was too hard and the inside edge was oiled so their hands kept slipping. Five Get back shouted Rick, against the noise of the automated computer voice. Three He pulled out his gun, and changed a setting, then aimed it at the ceiling above the door. Stuart and Geddes backed away, Rick fired, and the gun created a loud explosion causing the roof to cave in. sealing them in. Rick dived back and was almost crushed by falling rock. Missile launch in progress. The room began to shake. They all backed away from the smashed in door frame. Hey! Its still launching? said Rick surprised and worried. Dont worry, its all taken care of said Stuart. The rock around the door glowed red, and some of the metal melted. The shaking caused them to fall over. Once the rocket had passed, Stuart pulled out his gun, and fired at the blockage in the doorframe. Eventually after six shots it was blasted away enough to walk through. They rushed up, staring at the Rocket now leaving the atmosphere So its still launching? said Rick confused I disabled the separation mechanism, said Stuart So what happens to it? asked Geddes Well the separate missiles will activate once it has reached a certain height, but will not be released, so The Rocket will keep going in to outer space and Explode far away and at a safe distance from the earth Four hours later, the rocket had continued in to space. It was far away from the earth by now, a trail of small pieces of metal and leaking fuel trailed behind it, occasionally bursting in to flames as the rockets engines ignited them. Deep inside the rockets systems one of the missiles aimed at America, the first to detonate began to activate its warhead. After a brief instant the rocket burst in to flames. The detonation moved through the rocket, and ripped it apart causing the other missiles to explode in a chain reaction. A giant explosion erupted, and debris was fired out in all directions at unimaginably high speeds. The actual size of the explosion showed up in the atmosphere as a bright burst lasting for ten minutes, and three times larger than the moon. There was enough of this element in the missiles to rip the earth apart. The now non existent black temple organisation had not even predicted the awesome explosive power of their own weapon, which would have certainly ended all life on this planet, and most probably destroyed the planet itself too. Stuart held his hand up to the bright intense light, he was in a jeep with several commandos, Rick, and Geddes. They were driving back to their airlift sight, trailed by several other vehicles; Stuart took one last look back at the black temple base. Sir we are at safe distance, do you want us to detonate the explosive charges? asked one of the commandos in another of the jeeps. Positive, any time you want, replied his commanding officer. The commando tapped a few buttons of a control device, and a huge explosion ripped the temple complex interwoven with metal framework apart, throwing debris in to the air. Stuart looked back at the fireball. Large pieces of burning rock were thrown out from the explosion and trailed fire and smoke as they tore through the ai r, ripping the forest apart, and devastating the landscape. The jeep was shook as a shockwave from the explosion rumbled through the land, and almost knocked the jeep over. Stuart looked back at the explosion in the distance it was dieing away, and then the airborne shockwave hit them. It was deafening, and shook the jeep once again. Stuart looked up at the explosion in the sky, and then down at the now smouldering temple, a large bolder impacted behind them, and exploded ripping apart trees from the fragments of the rock thrown out. They eventually reached the extraction point, and all clambered out of the jeeps and in to the now descending helicopters ready to airlift them away. Stuart looked out the window at the forest, which shrunk beneath him. Realising that if it wasnt for him the entire world would be dead by now. He contemplated what would have happened if he had chosen a different route, and not the restricted road, hed been drawn in to this unwillingly by accidental events. What if hed had just left the walkie talkie alone? His life would have been a lot simpler, and someone else would be here now having saved the world and no one knowing anything about it at all. What if he was still leading his current life, being blinded from the truth, and living a fake life. Would it have been better? Is the price for the truth too high? It may be the truth, but was he ready for it?

Warren G. Harding Essay Essays - Warren G. Harding, Ohio

Warren G. Harding Essay Warren Gamaliel Harding, twenty-ninth President of the United States, was born on November 2, 1865, on the family farm at Blooming Grove, Morrow County, Ohio. His parents were Dr. George Tryon Harding and Phoebe Dickerson Harding, descendants of pioneer Ohio families of English and Dutch ancestry. Warren was the first of their eight children-two boys and six girls. The Hardings were followers of the Baptist faith. By this time, the Harding family had moved to Marion, and it was there that Harding returned after his graduation, armed with a degree, a printer's rule, and determination to make his own living. He briefly tried teaching school, studying law, and selling insurance; all with limited success and gratification. As a student at Ohio Central College in the nearby town of Ibernia , Harding served as editor of the college paper and showed rich promise as a public speaker. In 1882, at the age of 16, he received the degree of Bachelor of Science and was "orator," political and literary representative of his class at the graduation ceremony. In 1891, Harding married Florence Kling DeWolfe , the daughter of one of Marion's leading citizens. That year they had planned and built the house that is now known as the Harding Home and Museum, at 380 Mt. Vernon Avenue. Harding began his political career with his election to the Ohio Senate, where he served two terms, from 1900-1904. In 1903, he was elected lieutenant governor, and his political skills matured as presiding officer of the upper house of the state legislature and brought even national recognition. A split in the Republican Party led to his defeat in his campaign for governor in 1910. He remained active in Republican politics and was selected to give the nominating speech for President William Howard Taft at the party's convention in 1912. He won the 1914 Republican primary election as a candidate for the United States Senate, and he was elected by a majority of 100,000 for the term 1915-1921. He had an honorable record in the Senate, broadening his knowledge of foreign affairs while serving as a member of the Foreign Relations Committee. In 1916 he presided as chairman of the Republican national convention in Chicago, and was selected to give the keynote address. Harding resigned from the United States Senate in December 1920, and was inaugurated twenty-ninth President of the United States on March 4, 1921. He was the seventh President born in Ohio. During the campaign he had promised to work for peace and prosperity, and he followed through on that promise. He believed in the ability of all Americans-regardless of race, color or creed-to take care of themselves if given the opportunity to do so. On August 2, 1923, Harding suffered a massive heart attack and died immediately. In some circles, rumors spread that his wife had poisoned him to prevent him from facing charges of corruption. Her refusal to allow an autopsy only fed the rumors. After a state funeral, Harding's body was entombed at the Marion Cemetery in Marion, Ohio.

Sample Two-Paragraph Essay

Sample Two-Paragraph EssayA sample two-paragraph essay can be a useful addition to your syllabus. Since so many college students are cramming for their exams, these essays help them gain some good practice while making their first impressions about writing an essay. These essay samples are usually assigned by your professor in a college or university, which you can readily apply with your essays.The writer is well guided to express his thoughts in this type of essay. It's important that you place emphasis on important points while writing it. Don't make the writing of it difficult for yourself. Make sure you keep the tone light and informal. Always try to give the necessary information about yourself and the facts and figures you need to present at the end of the essay.Start your two paragraph essay with a brief description of your appearance and attire. For your name, simply say who you are. This will help you get started in your writing. Always include a picture of yourself in your profile, and state clearly what your academic or professional activities are.The rest of the writing can be done depending on the type of college you have enrolled in. For instance, the information given in a sample two-paragraph essay might be quite different than what you need to write in a university composition class. Since they are generalizations, do not over-exaggerate the facts or figures that you might want to put in the essay.It is also important that you note down all the grammar and spelling mistakes you make while writing the essay. You also need to try and spell all the words correctly. Do not change your grammar all the time, since it will be used in the essays that you send to colleges and universities. Since they will be more exposed to the sample two paragraph essay, you need to make sure that they do not miss out any of the grammar or spelling mistakes you made.After writing the essay, the next step is to take a look at your key objective. Identify the main point s you would like to cover and state them clearly. You also need to think how you want to end the essay.The other piece of advice is to make a revision of your one-paragraph essay. You need to get rid of all the errors that you have already written down. After that, take a look at your work again and work it into a form of a few additions.

The use of “second class” organs is a necessity in transplantation The WritePass Journal

The use of â€Å"second class† organs is a necessity in transplantation Abstract The use of â€Å"second class† organs is a necessity in transplantation AbstractIntroductionConcerns of NHBD as â€Å"second class† organsI.   concern on whether the donor is really deadII.   Concerns on the withdrawal of careConclusionReferencesRelated Abstract There are many ethical, legal and religious views with regards to organ donation. Statistics from 2009 by UK Transplant Organisation showed that, there are 8000 people on the waiting list, with only 3000 transplants a year. This shows that we need to increase the demand for organs as many people are dying. There are two main sources for human organ donation: from the living and from the deceased. Donation from the deceased involves two types: heart beating donors (HBD) and non-heart beating donors (NHBD).   HBD has been the primary source for organ donation for the last thirty years, but this source of donation is declining.   Scientists are now focussed on using NHBD to revive and increase the donor pool, but this form of procurement is plagued with many ethical problems. It is looked at as a†second class’’ form of donation. NHBD involves donation of organs from two sources: controlled and uncontrolled. Controlled are donors who have had â€Å"irreversible brain injury† but they do not qualify the brain death criteria. Where as, in the uncontrolled, the donor may suffer a cardiac arrest and die after resuscitation may prove futile. The fundamental controversy with this procurement is the definition of death as family members find this very hard to deal with when the need arise for them to make a swift decision . Thus, NHBD procurement remains slightly unpopular even though it has the prospects of increasing the donor pool by up to 30%. Introduction Transplantation is the moving of organs or tissues from one person (the donor) to another (the recipient), or to the same person. The purpose of transplantation is to replace the recipient’s organs or tissues which have failed due to illness or injury to improve health. Organs that can be transplanted includes: the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas and intestines. Whereas tissues that can be transplanted include: cornea, skin, veins, bones, tendons and heart valves. Organs or tissue transplanted within the same person is known as an autograph. A transplant between two persons is known as an allograft. .xenotransplantation involves the transplantation or infusion of organs or tissues fron one species to another. For example, the transplantation of a babbon liver into a HIVpatient , performed in 1992. The patient died 70 days later (Greenwell et al., 2007). Xenotransplantation is a dangerous because of the non-compatibility and rejection, which may lead to death (Greenwell et al., 2007). Transplantation is a very complex and challenging area of modern science. Shortage of donors is limiting transplantation therefore both living and deceased donors are used to increase donor supply. (heart beating and   non heart beating), ( Chaib E 2007). The number of heart beating donors (HBD) continue to decreases, therefore the focus now is to use cadaveric organs from non heart beating donors (NHBD).   The main problem with this type of donation is how one may define death and who gives consent for the donor’s organs to be used in transplantation. This raises a lot of ethical issues.   People started describing NHBD as second class organs, but public confidence has improved as many studies ( Sanchez-Fructuosa et al 2000, Nicholson et al 2000) has shown the that the use of NHBD is a promising alternative to enlarge   the donor pool especially in renal transplantation. Countries including the United Kingdom, USA, Spain, Netherlands, Switzerland and Japan have all im plemented NHBDs protocols in hospitals (Knoll et al 2003). Concerns of NHBD as â€Å"second class† organs HBD has been the main source for transplantation in the last 30 years (Chaib E., 2007), but this source of donation is declining thus the emphasis is on NHBD to increase the donation pool as the need for organs keeps increasing. The difference between HBD and NHBD is the definition of death. In HBD, the beating heart donor is brain damaged and on ventilation before death, whereas with NHBD the donor may have suffered a cardiac arrest and resuscitation may be futile. In 1976 the Harvard Medical Committee used the brain stem testing to declare death, but this was not suitable, therefore, the Maastricht workshop in 1995 declared that death is irreversible cessation of all functions of the brain including the brain stem† . In 1995 the Maastricht Workshop which is an international workshop divided NHBD s into four categories: category 1 and ll involves the uncontrolled group where donors are dead on arrival or where resuscitation has been unsuccessful. In this group, mechanical ventilation is performed in order to keep the organs viable while awaiting for consent from the patient’s family. Category lll and lV involves the controlled group where donors are waiting cardiac arrest or who had cardiac arrest while brain dead (Chaib E.,2007). Despite the assessment and definition of the timing of death for NHBDs and its potential to increase donation by 30%, it still faces many ethical, legal and medical concerns. The public fears include: I.   concern on whether the donor is really dead There are two criteria for death donor rule, defined by the Uniform Determination of Death Act (UDDA): an individual is dead if both circulatory and respiratory functions have stopped and if all functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem has stopped. This rule is quite crucial in NHBDs donation and states that death must not be rushed for the act of donation. Families are quite apprehensive that stopping cardiac pump activity and cardio respiratory functions does not qualify death and that the 10 minutes â€Å"stand off† period to qualify for both cardiac and brain stem death criteria is not enough ( Zamperetti et al 2003). II.   Concerns on the withdrawal of care In the controlled setting ( Maastricht , category lll and lV ) families are sceptical about the decision to remove life support ventilators and may have fears that doctors   may have biased interest in the   in hope of harvesting organs and mistreating their loved ones. They worry if whether leaving their loved ones on life support may eventually bring them back to life and what state will they be in during prolonged life support or the options of resuscitation. There are also many doubts form medics who think that NHBD   is a â€Å"shameful act of cannabilism ignores the likelihood of auto resuscitation and that the brains of these patients are not actually dead (Potts M., 2007)   as well as the fact that the brains of these patients are not truly dead. They believe that the drugs given to the dying donor may be of benefit to the donors organs but detrimental to the donors health. Also the process of removing the organs for donations causes death in the patient and that NHBD must be banned as it goes against the practice of medicine (Verheijde et al 2007). With all the apprehensions with regard to NHBD, a major limitation has been the lack of oxygen reaching the organs during the period when ventilations is withdrawn, known as warm ischaemia. . Warm ischaemia can be a problem as it can affect the viability organs, but scientists are investigating new technology in preservation. The necessity of NHBD as second-class organs for transplantation A report in a urology journal in 2009 described how some American surgeons transplanted a cancerous kidney.   They removed the tumour and then transplanted it into the patient ( BBC.,2009). The reason for this shows that the demand for organs keeps raising while the supply is quite low. In the UK, in December 2009, there were 8000 patients on the waiting list for organs, with only about 3000 transplants per year. Many people are dying due to this shortage, therefore surgeons maybe using risky organs. There are many reports showing the benefits of NHBD in reducing this shortage and there is more pressure for it to be successful. A recent UK data showed that the success rate of NHBD are quite similar to HBD (UK transplant 2006). Many studies have shown good graft survival with NHBD especially in renal transplantation despite the warm ischaemic damages ( Nicholson et at 2000, Wijnen et al,1995) . A report in between 2005-2006 shown that there were 125 NHBD transplants compared to 2004-2005 with only 87.   A small but significant increase (UK Transpkant., 2006). NHBD is cost effective, for example, a renal patient on dialysis cost an estimated  £21,200 per year. With a successful transplant with a NHBD kidney, a median graft survival of 9 years, the total cost benefit over 9 years will be  £191,000 (UK Transplant). Thus reducing the burden on the National Health Service and a better life for the patient. Conclusion NHDB   as a technique was abandoned in the 1970. It has now revived due to the long waiting list and the fact that many people are dying because of organ shortages. This type of organ donation offers great potential but its use is very divisive. There are so many ethical issues and benefits associated with both the controlled and the uncontrolled forms donations. In the uncontrolled donor (category I ll), the presumed consent to perfuse the organs in the absence of the family or in the controlled donor   (category lll), the administration of drugs to improve the viability of organs seems so unethical and considered conflicts of interests being divided between the responsibility of care to the dying donor and the possible transplant recipient. In some ethnic groups, families of brain dead donors may be happy to donate as it gives important meaning to their tragedy that they are able to help give life to someone else. NHBD programmes are faced with many challenges. In order to improve it: There must be more educational programmes   or talks   to the public about the different   criteria   of death Clinicians and the transplant teams must follow the legal guidelines by the Department of Health, adhere to the NHBD protocol and consent from the dying donor‘s family must be given before the process of harvesting organs for NHBD to reach its full potential. It maybe a long road but public confidence is definitely required. References BBC (2009) Risky donor kidney transplants prove successful. Chaib Eleazar (2008) Non heat Beating Donors In England. Clinics 63(1):121-34 Fox RC. (1993)An ignoble form of cannibalism: reflections on the Pittsburgh Protocol for procuring organs from non-heart-beating cadavers.   Kennedy Inst Ethics J.3:231–9. Greenwell P. and McCulley M. (2007) Molecular therapeutics: 21st Century Medicine. John Wiley Ltd. Gill P and Lowes L. (2008) Gift exchange and organ donation: Donor and recipient experiences of live related kidney transplantation. International journal of nursing studies, 45(11), pp. 1607-1617. Knoll GA, Mahoney JE (2003) â€Å"Commentary. Non-heart –beating organ donation in Canada: Time to Proceed?†Canadian Medical Association Journal,169 (6). Kotton C., Kuehnert M and Fishman J. (2008) Organ Transplantation eds, Encyclopedia of Virology. Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 466-472. Metcalfe M., Butterworth P., White S., Saunders R., Murphy G., Taub N., Veitch P, Nicholson M (2001). A case-control comparison of the results of renal transplantation from heart beating and non heart beating donors. Transplantation 71:1556-59 Michael Potts (2007). Truthfulness in transplantation: non-heart-beating organ donation Philosophy, Ethics Humanities in Medicine 10.1186/1747-5341-2-17. Nicholson ML, Doughman TM, Horsburg T, Wheatley TJ, Butterworth PC. (1997) Comparison of the results of renal transplants from conventional and non-heart-beating cadeveric donors. Transplant Proc. 29:1386-87 Sanner M. (1994) Attitudes toward organ donation and transplantation : A model for understanding reactions to medical procedures after death. Social science medicine, 38(8), pp. 1141-1152. Sanchez-Fructuosa AL., Prats D., Torrente J, Perez-Contin MJ., Fernandez C., Alvarez J. (2000) Renal Transplantation from non heartbeating donors a promisimising alternative to enlaege the donor pool. J Am Soc Neprol 11 350-8 Verheijde JL., Rady MY., McGregor J. Recovery Of Transplantable Organs After Cardiac or Circulatory Death: transforming the paradigm for the ethics of organ donation.   Philosophy, Ethics and Humanities in Medicine 2:8 10.1186/1747-5341 UK Transplant Activity 2005/2006. uktransplant.org.uk/statistics/transplant_activity2006 White SA, Prasad KR (2006) Liver Transplantation From Non-heart Beating donors. Brtish Medical Journal 332;376-377 Wijnen RM., Booster MH., Stubenitsky BM., de Boer J., Heineman E., Kootstra G.,   (1995). Outcome of transplantation of non heart beating donors kidneys. Lancet. 345:1067 Zamparetti M., Bellamo R., Ronco C. (2003) Defining death in non-heart beating organ donors .Journal of   Medical Ethics 29:182-185 The use of â€Å"second class† organs is a necessity in transplantation Abstract The use of â€Å"second class† organs is a necessity in transplantation AbstractIntroductionConcerns of NHBD as â€Å"second class† organsI.                  Concern on whether the donor is really deadII.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Concerns on the withdrawal of careThe necessity of NHBD as second-class organs for transplantationConclusionReferencesRelated Abstract There are many ethical, legal and religious views with regards to organ donation. Statistics from 2009 by UK Transplant Organisation showed that, there are 8000 people on the waiting list, with only 3000 transplants a year. This shows that we need to increase the demand for organs as many people are dying. There are two main sources for human organ donation: from the living and from the deceased. Donation from the deceased involves two types: heart beating donors (HBD) and non-heart beating donors (NHBD).   HBD has been the primary source for organ donation for the last thirty years, but this source of donation is declining.   Scientists are now focussed on using NHBD to revive and increase the donor pool, but this form of procurement is plagued with many ethical problems. It is looked at as a†second class’’ form of donation. NHBD involves donation of organs from two sources: controlled and uncontrolled. Controlled are donors who have had â€Å"irreversible brain injury† but they do not qualify the brain death criteria. Where as, in the uncontrolled, the donor may suffer a cardiac arrest and die after resuscitation may prove futile. The fundamental controversy with this procurement is the definition of death as family members find this very hard to deal with when the need arise for them to make a swift decision . Thus, NHBD procurement remains slightly unpopular even though it has the prospects of increasing the donor pool by up to 30%. Introduction Transplantation is the moving of organs or tissues from one person (the donor) to another (the recipient), or to the same person. The purpose of transplantation is to replace the recipient’s organs or tissues which have failed due to illness or injury to improve health. Organs that can be transplanted includes: the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas and intestines. Whereas tissues that can be transplanted include: cornea, skin, veins, bones, tendons and heart valves. Organs or tissue transplanted within the same person is known as an autograph. A transplant between two persons is known as an allograft. .xenotransplantation involves the transplantation or infusion of organs or tissues fron one species to another. For example, the transplantation of a babbon liver into a HIVpatient , performed in 1992. The patient died 70 days later (Greenwell et al., 2007). Xenotransplantation is a dangerous because of the non-compatibility and rejection, which may lead to death (Greenwell et al., 2007). Transplantation is a very complex and challenging area of modern science. Shortage of donors is limiting transplantation therefore both living and deceased donors are used to increase donor supply. (heart beating and   non heart beating), ( Chaib E 2007). The number of heart beating donors (HBD) continue to decreases, therefore the focus now is to use cadaveric organs from non heart beating donors (NHBD).   The main problem with this type of donation is how one may define death and who gives consent for the donor’s organs to be used in transplantation. This raises a lot of ethical issues.   People started describing NHBD as second class organs, but public confidence has improved as many studies ( Sanchez-Fructuosa et al 2000, Nicholson et al 2000) has shown the that the use of NHBD is a promising alternative to enlarge   the donor pool especially in renal transplantation. Countries including the United Kingdom,USA,Spain,Netherlands, Switzerland and Japan have all imple mented NHBDs protocols in hospitals (Knoll et al 2003). Concerns of NHBD as â€Å"second class† organs HBD has been the main source for transplantation in the last 30 years (Chaib E., 2007), but this source of donation is declining thus the emphasis is on NHBD to increase the donation pool as the need for organs keeps increasing. The difference between HBD and NHBD is the definition of death. In HBD, the beating heart donor is brain damaged and on ventilation before death, whereas with NHBD the donor may have suffered a cardiac arrest and resuscitation may be futile. In 1976 the Harvard Medical Committee used the brain stem testing to declare death, but this was not suitable, therefore, the Maastricht workshop in 1995 declared that death is irreversible cessation of all functions of the brain including the brain stem† . In 1995 the Maastricht Workshop which is an international workshop divided NHBD s into four categories: category 1 and ll involves the uncontrolled group where donors are dead on arrival or where resuscitation has been unsuccessful. In this group, mechanical ventilation is performed in order to keep the organs viable while awaiting for consent from the patient’s family. Category lll and lV involves the controlled group where donors are waiting cardiac arrest or who had cardiac arrest while brain dead (Chaib E.,2007). Despite the assessment and definition of the timing of death for NHBDs and its potential to increase donation by 30%, it still faces many ethical, legal and medical concerns. The public fears include: I.                  Concern on whether the donor is really dead There are two criteria for death donor rule, defined by the Uniform Determination of Death Act (UDDA): an individual is dead if both circulatory and respiratory functions have stopped and if all functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem has stopped. This rule is quite crucial in NHBDs donation and states that death must not be rushed for the act of donation. Families are quite apprehensive that stopping cardiac pump activity and cardio respiratory functions does not qualify death and that the 10 minutes â€Å"stand off† period to qualify for both cardiac and brain stem death criteria is not enough ( Zamperetti et al 2003). II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Concerns on the withdrawal of care In the controlled setting ( Maastricht , category lll and lV ) families are sceptical about the decision to remove life support ventilators and may have fears that doctors   may have biased interest in the   in hope of harvesting organs and mistreating their loved ones. They worry if whether leaving their loved ones on life support may eventually bring them back to life and what state will they be in during prolonged life support or the options of resuscitation. There are also many doubts form medics who think that NHBD   is a â€Å"shameful act of cannabilism ignores the likelihood of auto resuscitation and that the brains of these patients are not actually dead (Potts M., 2007)   as well as the fact that the brains of these patients are not truly dead. They believe that the drugs given to the dying donor may be of benefit to the donors organs but detrimental to the donors health. Also the process of removing the organs for donations causes death in the patient and that NHBD must be banned as it goes against the practice of medicine (Verheijde et al 2007). With all the apprehensions with regard to NHBD, a major limitation has been the lack of oxygen reaching the organs during the period when ventilations is withdrawn, known as warm ischaemia. . Warm ischaemia can be a problem as it can affect the viability organs, but scientists are investigating new technology in preservation. The necessity of NHBD as second-class organs for transplantation A report in a urology journal in 2009 described how some American surgeons transplanted a cancerous kidney.   They removed the tumour and then transplanted it into the patient ( BBC.,2009). The reason for this shows that the demand for organs keeps raising while the supply is quite low. In theUK, in December 2009, there were 8000 patients on the waiting list for organs, with only about 3000 transplants per year. Many people are dying due to this shortage, therefore surgeons maybe using risky organs. There are many reports showing the benefits of NHBD in reducing this shortage and there is more pressure for it to be successful. A recentUKdata showed that the success rate of NHBD are quite similar to HBD (UKtransplant 2006). Many studies have shown good graft survival with NHBD especially in renal transplantation despite the warm ischaemic damages ( Nicholson et at 2000, Wijnen et al,1995) . A report in between 2005-2006 shown that there were 125 NHBD transplants compared to 2004-2005 with only 87.   A small but significant increase (UK Transpkant., 2006). NHBD is cost effective, for example, a renal patient on dialysis cost an estimated  £21,200 per year. With a successful transplant with a NHBD kidney, a median graft survival of 9 years, the total cost benefit over 9 years will be  £191,000 (UK Transplant). Thus reducing the burden on the National Health Service and a better life for the patient. Conclusion NHDB   as a technique was abandoned in the 1970. It has now revived due to the long waiting list and the fact that many people are dying because of organ shortages. This type of organ donation offers great potential but its use is very divisive. There are so many ethical issues and benefits associated with both the controlled and the uncontrolled forms donations. In the uncontrolled donor (category I ll), the presumed consent to perfuse the organs in the absence of the family or in the controlled donor   (category lll), the administration of drugs to improve the viability of organs seems so unethical and considered conflicts of interests being divided between the responsibility of care to the dying donor and the possible transplant recipient. In some ethnic groups, families of brain dead donors may be happy to donate as it gives important meaning to their tragedy that they are able to help give life to someone else. NHBD programmes are faced with many challenges. In order to improve it: There must be more educational programmes   or talks   to the public about the different   criteria   of death Clinicians and the transplant teams must follow the legal guidelines by the Department of Health, adhere to the NHBD protocol and consent from the dying donor‘s family must be given before the process of harvesting organs for NHBD to reach its full potential. It maybe a long road but public confidence is definitely required. References BBC (2009) Risky donor kidney transplants prove successful. Chaib Eleazar (2008) Non heat Beating Donors In England. Clinics 63(1):121-34 Fox RC. (1993)An ignoble form of cannibalism: reflections on the Pittsburgh Protocol for procuring organs from non-heart-beating cadavers.   Kennedy Inst Ethics J.3:231–9. Greenwell P. and McCulley M. (2007) Molecular therapeutics: 21st Century Medicine. John Wiley Ltd. Gill P and Lowes L. (2008) Gift exchange and organ donation: Donor and recipient experiences of live related kidney transplantation. International journal of nursing studies, 45(11), pp. 1607-1617. KnollGA, Mahoney JE (2003) â€Å"Commentary. Non-heart –beating organ donation in Canada: Time to Proceed?†Canadian Medical Association Journal,169 (6). Kotton C., Kuehnert M and Fishman J. (2008) Organ Transplantation eds, Encyclopedia of Virology.Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 466-472. Metcalfe M., Butterworth P., White S., Saunders R., Murphy G., Taub N., Veitch P, Nicholson M (2001). A case-control comparison of the results of renal transplantation from heart beating and non heart beating donors. Transplantation 71:1556-59 Michael Potts (2007). Truthfulness in transplantation: non-heart-beating organ donation Philosophy, Ethics Humanities in Medicine 10.1186/1747-5341-2-17. Nicholson ML, Doughman TM, Horsburg T, Wheatley TJ, Butterworth PC. (1997) Comparison of the results of renal transplants from conventional and non-heart-beating cadeveric donors. Transplant Proc. 29:1386-87 Sanner M. (1994) Attitudes toward organ donation and transplantation : A model for understanding reactions to medical procedures after death. Social science medicine, 38(8), pp. 1141-1152. Sanchez-Fructuosa AL., Prats D., Torrente J, Perez-Contin MJ., Fernandez C., Alvarez J. (2000) Renal Transplantation from non heartbeating donors a promisimising alternative to enlaege the donor pool. J Am Soc Neprol 11 350-8 Verheijde JL., Rady MY., McGregor J. Recovery Of Transplantable Organs After Cardiac or Circulatory Death: transforming the paradigm for the ethics of organ donation.   Philosophy, Ethics and Humanities in Medicine 2:8 10.1186/1747-5341 UKTransplant Activity 2005/2006. uktransplant.org.uk/statistics/transplant_activity2006 White SA, Prasad KR (2006) Liver Transplantation From Non-heart Beating donors. Brtish Medical Journal 332;376-377 Wijnen RM., Booster MH., Stubenitsky BM., de Boer J., Heineman E., Kootstra G.,   (1995). Outcome of transplantation of non heart beating donors kidneys. Lancet. 345:1067 Zamparetti M., Bellamo R., Ronco C. (2003) Defining death in non-heart beating organ donors .Journal of   Medical Ethics 29:182-185

Immunization vs incidence of Autism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Immunization vs incidence of Autism - Essay Example Immunization is one of the factors that have been implicated in the incidence of autism. Since 1999 there has been a controversy about whether thimerosal–containing vaccines contribute to the causes of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) and neuro-developmental disorders (NDDs) in children. Autism affects not only the children living with the condition but the families of these children. Some siblings have to learn how to cope with a brother or sister who is autistic. It is of great importance to parents and has caused many parents to question the safety of immunizing their children. Several parents have refrained from immunizing their children against common childhood diseases. This has caused conflicts in schools where immunization is a requirement of a young child entering school. It is important therefore to understand as much as we can about this disorder and whether there is in fact a connection between vaccination and the disorder. The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between the Autism Spectrum Disorder spectrum and immunization. The paper seeks to review the research evidence provided on both sides of the debate. Does the immunization of a child in fact increase the possibility of developing autism or is there no relationship between the chemicals in childhood immunizations, e.g. thimerosal and autism? It is important to try to determine how valid and reliable the research studies are. Parents need to be reliably informed about the consequences and possible dangers of immunizing their children. The analysis of the topic could help them in their decision about whether to immunize or not. An initial examination of the topic could help in the weighing up of the pros and cons of immunization against the possibility of the child being vulnerable to developing the autism disorder or any other neuro-developmental disorder. It

LLB Law, Media Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

LLB Law, Media Law - Essay Example ge of its duties, is guilty of contempt†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 1 The test as to what constitutes contempt of court was enunciated by Lord Russell in the English case of R v Gray: ‘Any act done or writing published calculated to bring a court or a judge of the court into contempt, or to lower his authority, is a contempt of court.’2 In every court proceeding, what every litigant is in search of is a good judgment and in most court proceedings involving trial by jury, having a good, reasonable and unbiased jury is the key to that. Taking a view from the Attorney General’s speech, it is true that the law of contempt was meant to arrive at a middle ground between competing interests. There are so many opposing interests to every trial. The law of contempt has at least three fundamental objects – providing a fair trial, ensuring compliance with the court’s orders and generally protecting the administration of justice. If these competing interests are balanced, it is the only way which requires the court process to be fair and that the community accepts the court’s decisions and obeys their orders. It is the duty of the trial judge always to warn the jury of the likely consequences of which any pre-trial publicity may have on the trial. The jury must always and constantly be cautioned to try the case on the basis of the evidence it hears and not on the basis of anything it reads in the newspapers or heard on radio or television. A question that should be asked at this point is that is this a reasonable position? If this is reasonable, how will the law be successful is protecting the rights of those concerned with a trial from intrusion by the media? How does the law attempt to balance the conflicting interest of all parties to the trial, and in particular, in relation to freedom of speech/freedom of the press and the right to a fair trial? Are the any dangers of a miscarriage of justice with regards to pre-trial publicity? It should be noted that a lot of jurors have become